Unit 4 Market for Health Insurance and Competition Essay

unit of measurement 4 Market for Health Insurance and Competition - Essay Exampleby Congressional cipher Office, the health market challenges the federal and state governments as health tutorship premiums continue to take an upwardly trend. More to these, health care costs seem to exceed the growth of Ameri rotter income, then qualification it very expensive to afford health care in America. Consequent to these, fewer individuals get to cypher for the service, following the high cost involved. These factors compel the government to take measures that regulate the operation of the health market, thus ensuring that the insurance companies do non exercise their market power in a manner that can harm consumers, as well as the economy. Such measures include the evaluation of insurers who undertake mergers and acquisitions, to ensure that monopolies do non rule the health sector.The medical loss ratio refers to a statistical measurement of the part of the total premium revenue fr om health plans that get to be devoted to clinical services. In another(prenominal) words, the MLR relates to the portion of the premium revenue from health insurance plans paid to settle medical claims. Therefore, this ratio does not serve as a measure of the quality of care provided as premiums paid and expenditures incurred do not indicate the quality of care being given to individuals. Other measures, such as patient ecstasy surveys, and severity-adjusted clinical outcomes, provide better measures for gauging health performance. Consequently, the MLR should not be used to measure health performance, as it would lead to biased results (Austin, 43).Risk-adjusted premiums help in determining the expected treatment cost that an insured person would incur, if they were to fall ill. Higher rates exist for elderly individuals, compared to the younger population (Feldstein, 245). This ensures that insurance providers do not choose to insure healthier patients, and leave out the sick patients. Consequent to this, individuals who need health care most get to access insurance, and effective

Health Care Reform to Address Access Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Reform to Address gateway - Essay ExampleIndeed, as one of the most developed nation of the world, America has failed to provide a universal health cover to its spate. The health care reforms of Obama administration take up, therefore, been hailed as major initiatives that cater to the welfare of the people at large.The federal health reform legislation enacted in 2010 addresses the crucial areas accessibility to quality healthcare command in its cost and promote uniform plans that cuts across gender, age and persons with pre-existing diseases. The reform proposes to employ stringent measures to control wastage, fraud and abuse in Medicare in order to make it more cost effective. Moreover, the austerity measures along with saving would ensure that medical care is extended to wider instalment of population screening vulnerable segment. The administration has allotted $630 billion in the budget of 2010 for the healthcare reforms over a bound of ten years (WhiteHou se, 2012). Indeed, the reforms are intended to make it universal and the recent Supreme Court verdict has strengthened Obamas plans for making healthcare universal.I believe that the basic value for underlying this mount is to curb corruption, e pickyly Medicaid and Medicare frauds, which lead to substandard healthcare services. The commodification of market driven health insurance have become major obstacle for accessing quality care at affordable prices. Harrington (2008) strongly believes that poor health status of people is due to limited access to healthcare services, especially for the poor, uninsured and vulnerable segment like aged and disabled. The present reforms promote health insurance cover to people who cannot afford. It has also do provisions to protect people with pre-existing condition by creating national high risk pool. The special team of experts would watch over the waste, fraud and abuse in the Medicare. These are effective measures that would help rein in co st and enhance accessibility

Do you agree with the Statement from Lord Patrick Devlin Essay

Do you discipline with the Statement from Lord Patrick Devlin - Essay ExampleDo you agree with the Statement from Lord Patrick Devlin?The general public finds it convenient to refer simply to The law implying that there is one, universally accepted and externally imposed set of rules by which social club is g overned. Very often, this concept is tied to the someones sense of morality and values, perhaps stemming from religious beliefs or cultural experience. Hence it great deal expect that what is lawful is not to be questioned one clay of law is very much like some other since humans do understand what is right and what is wrong. And since the law is then instituted to protect individuals within the society, but to a greater extent master(prenominal)ly the society at large, it may seem that the statement of Lord Patrick Devlin, that theoretically any onslaught of privacy, however utmost(prenominal), mustiness be sanctioned, is accurate (Devlin, 1965 118). If the society is to be protected, an invasion of the privacy of the individual is a small price to pay. Additionally, the society at large would permit such invasions, since each individual would mean him/herself protected by the invasion of someone elses privacy. In theory, the protection and service of the society must outweigh the rights of the individual, if the individual threatens that society. Legal practitioners and theorists, however, do debate and consider law as constructed, rather than as an external framework within which societies exist. Furthermore, the purpose of law is not as simply stated as a set of rules meant to protect the society and the individuals within it, with the safety of the society being more important than that of the individual. In a world app arntly embracing democratic and human rights principles more widely, the prioritization of the community over the individual is brought into question. As an overview, laws need to be defined as rules which people agree to be repress to, whether within their communities, or on a wider level, which they agree to within their societies or States. To have effective legal systems, the individuals within communities, societies or the States of the world must agree to abide by the laws they have recognised, and acknowledge the representation of the institutions or people who are appointed to manage those laws. There is, in the making of laws, likely to be some overlap between moral and legal rules but, more importantly, whether there is moral justification for a law or not, there has to be widespread convention within the community or society which recognises a law (Hart, 1994 258). The argument must stand that there should be a rule of identification tally to which the individuals within a society do recognise and agree to abide by a law. Some norms of a society do fall within the authority of the legal system, while others are socially accepted norms, not always framed by legal structures. All laws, though, are not necessarily connected to morality but do serve to coerce the members of a society into unobjectionable behaviours and practices. But laws can only be valid when private citizens meet their obligations, or obey the rules, according to the law, and public officials enact the conduct set out within those laws to manage and enact the legal system (Hart, 2004 110, 116). Often if a legal system is able to meet such criteria, and there are no political reasons for defying the legal system, the population at large will with few exceptions, obey the law. Thus it can be proposed that the judgement of society can sanction every invasion of a mans privacy, however extreme

Good and bad survey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good and bad survey - Research Paper causaThe survey headwaynaire on Appendix II is too about a short product evaluation, quest to obtain information as to how many people used the product, know its efficiency and convenience of its recitation and some suggestions to improve it. The point of the work at hand is to evaluate these two sample surveys as to why one of them must be a good or bad survey, with important justifications feeler from Chapter 6 and Chapter 8 of the text.The survey questionnaire in Appendix I consists of questions that are of varying data levels with equal scale. The most common are the nominal and no. scales. The good thing about using the ordinal scale in the question is that it avoids overlap in question options, allowing the marketer to thoroughly evaluate their product performance in the market. The use of nominal and ordinal scale in the questionnaire also prevents the proponent to be up with a bias reporting. In the first place, the choices given were able to suggest the prevailing intuitive feeling of the users or respondents and this means that not a hint coming from the proponent or research theater director could be found. For this reason, all of the questions stated in Appendix I can lead the proponent to fuck off rid of probable bias and misleading the respondents. All the questions simply employ words that are not overstating the condition. They all not require the respondent to guess, because they absolutely want to dig up the real view of the respondents without any hint of influence or bias coming from the research conductor. In addition, the survey questionnaire also uses an open-ended question that seeks to find out the exact information that should have to come from the respondents. The open-ended question is free from any hint of bias and even will lead to the determination of the exact information that the research conductor would want to find out. Regarding all of these bases, the survey questionnaire in Appendix I is a good

Death penalty should be abolished Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Death penalisation should be abolished - chthonictake ExampleA penalization, which was put into effect in 1500 in England, was opposed by umpteen academics in 1750. These academics included Ces are Beccaria who was the Italian jurist Voltaire who was the French philosopher and, Jeremy Bentham and Samuel Romilly, who were the English law reformers. They presented the argument that death punishment was the uncouth form of punishing the criminals, and it is closely often applied on innocent people. However, there are many counter-arguments that support the death penalty. This paper intends to juxtapose the arguments and counter-arguments regarding death penalty and, support the statement that capital punishment or death penalty is cruel, and should be abolished. Ethics do non allow a regime to take lives of its nationals. There is good number of chances that innocent lives will be put to death under this punishment, and there can be no compensation for this. It is possible that capital punishment converts to manslaughter by kill someone convicted of murder, when the murderer says that it was not murder just an inadvertent killing, such as killing in self-defense. An example is the open and shut case of mob McNicol, who was put to death in December 1945. Although James did not oppose the conviction of murder yet, after his death, Elaine Merrilees, his niece discovered that he was only guilty of manslaughter and not murder. Hence, death penalty can be understood as a violation of human or civil rights. Wrongful conviction also includes cases where people make false confessions. Such people are innocent in actual, and are penalized to death. Whether the court announces death penalty for a convict or not depends less on the criminal act and the evidences, and more on the skill of the lawyers, the financial status of the criminal, the socio-economic status, and the play and color. These factors result into biased decisions from the court, resulting in eith er making the real criminal escape the punishment or enforcing death penalty on to some other innocent person. This makes the whole system of death penalty illogical and heinous. However, it cannot be stated as a final decision that murderers should be given repose in punishment, which makes the debate of adopting or banning the capital punishment all the more daunting. Death penalty has deepened its roots strongly in many countries, and the victims are often Hispanics and the minorities, who are killed due to racial discrimination. It would exact been somewhat acceptable if the punishment was for everyone, regardless of what race, color, or heathen group the murderer belonged to, but since most of the times racial biases come across, the situation gets worse. This also becomes the cause for hatred between different ethnic groups, and may give rise to riots and a long sequence of killings based on racial differences. Marquart, Ekland-Olson and Sorensen (86) incarnate that Rather than systematically sentencing younger minorities to death, murderers of all racial categories who received death tended to be younger than the bigger pool of imprisoned convicted murderers- although the difference in age between Hispanics sentenced to death or those imprisoned was not statistically significant. The family of the one who is being put to capital punishment suffers very badly. Negative impacts are inflicted on their innocent minds because they have to come to terms not only with the sentence of their loved one but also with his death, and that too so cruelly. Therefore, the agony of

Tom Monaghan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tom Monaghan - Assignment ExampleHis is a story of determination and hard work. His success story greatly inspired me and I felt the desire to dig deeper to get more inspiration (Soucy & Huber 2006).Peter Drucker was a popular economist who was born in 1909 in Vienna, Australia. He was born and raised in a well cultured family where his father worked as a lawyer and his mother as a doctor. He did his studies in the best schools and completed his undergrad at the University of Frankfurt in 1931. He left Germany and moved to London. He spent four historic period in the new country and later moved to the United States where he was finally elevated to U.S citizen office in 1943. Drucker has written over 40 books, most of his books have been recognized internationally owing to the accompaniment that they have been translated into more than 20 languages. He was called the father of management. He was awarded the presidential Medal of Freedom in July 2002 by President George W. Bush in recognition for his great works in the field of management. He died on 11th November 2005 in the state of California (Drucker 2007).Peter Drucker is the father of management and he has beautiful knowledge in the field. Retrieving lessons from his famous books would be of great help us to understand the subject more. His spiritedness experiences in the field of management can be related to the current experiences we are facing in our world to twenty-four hour period. His excellent knowledge from the books he has written will help us to tap the morality he has brought forward in his many books. The knowledge is practical and it is applicable in the day to day activities that take place in our modern world. This famous business author and consultant had so such(prenominal) knowledge which has shaped so many lives in our modern world today this is very indwelling in our studies (Drucker 2007).While conducting the research, I have learnt how to work in a team, to delegate tasks and to arrive at a

Africans who lived in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Africans who lived in America - bear witness ExampleThe land of Cleveland was one of the main regions inhabited by the African-American people this was after the appraise by Moses Cleaveland, who toured the place, acquired it and sold it through his Land Company. The more the black population grew the more the racism grew as well. It reached a point where public institutions became segregated and the black were in most case the victims of injustice. They were not allowed in some hospitals, theatres, and churches. They therefore opted to form their own churches and that was when Black African churches were formed. Despite the fact that Africans were not allowed to entranceway education, some like Booker Washington and Will DuBois managed to get educated. They later became the champions for the enlightenment of the blacks by agitate for their rights. Keywords Cleveland, Africans, Americans, Blacks, Whites, Racism, Segregation, Moses Cleveland, Booker Washington, Will DuBois 1.Expla in,in detail,who was Moses Cleaveland, what were his goals for the Western Reserve? Moses Cleaveland was born in the year 1754 in the urban center of Canterbury in the county of Windham (Wheeler, 2000). He went to Yale College and graduated as a lawyer in 1777, and soon after his graduation, he went on to practice law in Canterbury his service as a lawyer took a plosive speech sound of about 30 years. He was a lieutenant during revolution in America this was during his practice as a lawyer when he joined an army at the Valley Forge, in the year 1978. He was married to Esther Champion with whom they had four children (Wheeler, 2000). The following year, Moses Cleaveland who was still in the army, was promoted to the position of captain. He was also take as a member of the computerized tomography general assembly representing Canterbury (Wheeler, 2000). In 1796, he led the kickoff voyage to Western Reserve he is remembered for his relentless effort in championing the ratification of the US constitution. He is best known for his investment skills and hard work while serving as an officer of Connecticut Land Company. He had a band of surveyors varying from men and women, as well as experts. by means of his huge lead skills, he managed to lead the whole team of surveyors into discovering a city they named it Cleveland in his honor. He was always a happy man who enjoyed success and appreciated the effort of team work this charge is seen when he organized a ceremony to mark his teams success for having arrived at the new-fashioned Connecticut. He declared Cleveland as the new city of Connecticut and wished it a long life. After the great mission, he went back to Canterbury in Connecticut and on November 16, 1806, General Moses Cleaveland passed on, leaving behind a mussiness of legacy. A statute was erected in the new Connecticut in his memory. Western Reserve was discovered, it was a great land with great potential for business activities. According to M iller (1997), as Moravian missionary John Heckewelder noted in 1976, the area had the best prospect of water communication from Lake Erie to the Ohio River (p. 143). Despite all the hypes, early settlers in the region had to migrate due to the miasmic swamps, which often made them sick. The federal government had to make a decision on how to dispose off the land. Lucky enough, the Connecticut land company under the leadership of Moses Cleaveland, came in and bought the land from the federal authority. His reasons for buying the land were to use it for agriculture and commercial purposes. Cleavelands ready goal was to utilize the available lakes and rivers for communication. He had men, food, and instruments that were used for surveying and he needed to transport them by the lake. It was while in this mission that he discovered the lake was long enough for commercial